Velders, G. J. M., A. R. Ravishankara, M. K. Miller, M. J. Molina, J. Alcamo, J. S. Daniel, D. W. Fahey, S. A. Montzka, and S. Reimann. As of December 2019, the fund stood at just over US$4.1 billion in income and US$3.8 billion in disbursements. For each group of ODSs, the treaty provides a timetable on which the production of those substances must be shot out and eventually eliminated. Under the Kigali Amendment, actions to limit the use of HFCs under the Montreal Protocol is expected to prevent the emissions of up to 105 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent of greenhouse gases, helping to avoid up to 0.5 degree Celsius of global temperature rise by 2100 – a truly unparalleled contribution to climate mitigation efforts, and the single largest contribution the world has made towards keeping the global temperature rise "well below" 2 degrees Celsius, a target agreed at the Paris climate conference. India and some other developing countries — Iran, Iraq, Pakistan, and some oil economies like Saudi Arabia and Kuwait — will cut down their HFCs by 85 per cent of their values in 2024-26 by the year 2047. Uncontrolled growth in HFC emissions therefore challenges efforts to keep global temperature rise at or below 2°C this century. "Reducing abrupt climate change risk using the Montreal Protocol and other regulatory actions to complement cuts in CO2 emissions" PNAS 2009 106 (49) 20616-20621; CS Norman, SJ DeCanio and L Fan.
Montreal-Protokoll, internationale Vereinbarung zur Regelung von Produktion und Verbrauch der Substanzen, die zum Abbau der Ozonschicht führen können.
[46] The most recent (2006) scientific evaluation of the effects of the Montreal Protocol states, "The Montreal Protocol is working: There is clear evidence of a decrease in the atmospheric burden of ozone-depleting substances and some early signs of stratospheric ozone recovery. 170–200 extra cases of skin cancer per million people per year in Australia without the Montreal Protocol, 16 September is International Day for the Preservation of the Ozone Layer. Drei Gruppen („Assessment Panels“) beraten die Mitgliedstaaten des Protokolls zu den Themen Wissenschaft, Umweltwirkungen sowie Technologie und Wirtschaft. 56.). We are working to protect our agriculture and food industries, supply chains and environment during the COVID-19 outbreak. Such a “smart approach” can achieve the Montreal Protocol’s objective of eliminating HCFCs while at the same time achieving energy efficiency gains and CO2 emissions reduction — a “climate co-benefit.”.
Oktober 2020 um 10:36 Uhr bearbeitet. technical trouble shooting, negotiating and generic problem solving capability), book summary at the Max Planck Gesellschaft, "Status of Ratification – The Ozone Secretariat", "UNEP press release: "South Sudan Joins Montreal Protocol and Commits to Phasing Out Ozone-Damaging Substances, "The Ozone Hole-The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer", "Background for International Day for the Preservation of the Ozone Layer - 16 September", "Class I Ozone-depleting Substances | Science | Ozone Layer Protection | US EPA", "Scientific Assessment Panel | OZONE SECRETARIAT", "Technology and Economic Assessment Panel | OZONE SECRETARIAT", http://norden.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:796602/FULLTEXT01.pdf, "Guidance on the DOE Facility Phaseout of Ozone-Depleting Substances", "The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer", "Kigali Amendment heralds new dawn for climate change action", "The large contribution of projected HFC emissions to future climate forcing", "Proposed amendment to the Montreal Protocol", "Report of the Twenty-Eighth Meeting of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer", "Montreal Protocol celebrates another milestone as agreement to reduce climate-warming gases is set to enter into force in 2019", https://ozone.unep.org/treaties/vienna-convention, "DuPont's Disgraceful Deeds: The Environmental Record of E.I. G, Downie, David (1993). To provide that input to the decision-making process, advances in understanding on these topics were assessed in 1989, 1991, 1994, 1998 and 2002 in a series of reports entitled Scientific assessment of ozone depletion, by the Scientific Assessment Panel (SAP).[18]. [24] Under the Kigali Amendment countries promised to reduce the use of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) by more than 80% over the next 30 years. [62], This article incorporates public domain material from the CIA World Factbook document: "2003 edition"..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}(referred to as Ozone Layer Protection). [56], In 2018, scientists monitoring the atmosphere following the 2010 phaseout date have reported evidence of continuing industrial production of CFC-11, likely in eastern Asia, with detrimental global effects on the ozone layer. [1], Das Montrealer Protokoll beruht auf dem Vorsorgeprinzip und ist ein Meilenstein im Umwelt-Völkerrecht. The main objective of the Multilateral Fund for the Implementation of the Montreal Protocol is to assist developing country parties to the Montreal Protocol whose annual per capita consumption and production of ozone depleting substances (ODS) is less than 0.3 kg to comply with the control measures of the Protocol. Responsibility for overseeing the operation of the Fund rests with the Executive Committee, which comprises seven members each from Article 5 countries and non-Article 5 countries. Das Proklima Programm der deutschen GTZ führt im Auftrag des Bundesministeriums für Wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung in über 40 Ländern Projekte zur Substitution ozonzerstörender Substanzen durch.
Determined to protect the ozone layer by taking precautionary measures to control equitably total global emissions of substances that deplete it with the ultimate objective of their elimination on the basis of developments in scientific knowledge, Acknowledging that special provision is required to meet the needs of developing countries.
They are not found anywhere in nature.
Six amendments have been made to further strengthen the Protocol, by adding more chemicals to those covered by the Protocol and setting binding targets for countries to phase out or phase-down covered chemicals.
It embodies the principle agreed at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in 1992 that countries have a common but differentiated responsibility to protect and manage the global commons. The Montreal Protocol also makes important contributions to the realization of the UN Sustainable Development Goals. The Montreal Protocol: a successful global action on climate change.
Die Staaten haben vereinbart, in der Forschung über die Mechanismen des Ozonabbaus zusammenzuarbeiten.
In all areas, the introduction of new ozone-friendly technology and equipment is coupled with training on technology use and safety. In terms of ozone depletion potential (ODP), in comparison to CFCs that have ODP 0.6 – 1.0, these HCFCs have lower ODPs (0.01 – 0.5).
[26], Produced mostly in developed countries, hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) replaced CFCs and HCFCs. The fund is replenished on a three-year basis by the donors.
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