Segmentation enhanced security and was also sometimes used in moving troops – with guide units only knowing their section of the trail or transport network. Bomb tonnages dropped on the Trail in Laos offer some indication of the scale of the American campaign: 1969– 433,000 tons, 1970– 394,000 tons (74,147 sorties), 1971– 402,000 tons (69,000 sorties). 1–12, Wallace Terry, Bloods: An Oral History of the Vietnam War by Black Veterans, (Presidio Press: 1985), Taylor Branch. Households in areas under VC control were required to keep a certain minimum supply of rice on hand, and a large number of secret caches and supply dumps honeycombed the countryside. ADD: 70/119 Giap Bat - Hoang Mai - Ha Noi: Office: Room 304/No7A - Ban Dao Linh Dam - Hoang Mai - Ha Noi: Tel: +844 36658336 Fax: +8436648831: Email Movement was at night to avoid American air attacks. Fifteen to twenty-five kilometers were covered daily depending on the terrain. Viet Cong Weaponry: 14 Small Arms From the Vietnam War. Way stations were generally within one day's travel from each other. Centre has Viet Cong flag, Bottom Ap Bac 1967." Within SVN, the NLF military HQ, COVSN, had responsibility for overall logistical coordination. [54] Special trail-watching and reaction units were also used to counter infiltration by US-MACV Special Operations teams. [89], Weapons of the South Vietnamese, U.S., South Korean, Australian, and New Zealand Forces, Rocket launchers, recoilless rifles, anti-tank rifles and lightweight guided missiles, Bart Hagerman, USA Airborne: 50th Anniversary, Turner Publishing Company, p.237, sfn error: no target: CITEREFRottman2015 (, Smith & Wesson Mark 22 Mod.0 "Hush Puppy", MANPADS (Man-Portable Air-Defence System), M274 Truck, Platform, Utility, 1/2 Ton, 4X4, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Viet Cong and PAVN logistics and equipment, NLF and PAVN strategy, organization and structure, "Chinese Support for North Vietnam during the Vietnam War: The Decisive Edge", "U.S. M16: A Half-Century of America's Combat Rifle", "Gunners' Day Feature: Italian L5 105mm Pack Howitzer", "Rear view of a Land Rover used by the Australian army in South Vietnam", "Jeeps in Vietnam, 1961-1975: CJ-3B, M606 and J4", "WWII German weapons during the Vietnam War", "Viet Cong Weaponry: 14 Small Arms From the Vietnam War", "Was the K63 / Type 63a / Type 68 used during the Vietnam War", "Ragtag Viet Cong Become A 20th Century Army", "Model 1917 Enfield Rifle : North Vietnamese Military Forces", "Arsenal | The NVA's 'Quick Change' Machine Gun", "Eastern Bloc Firestorm: The Czech UK vz. The Sihanouk Trail in Cambodia was opened in 1966 to enable PAVN to infiltrate and resupply COVSN in the southernmost zone of South Vietnam.[49]. The Viet Cong (short form: VC) is an OPFOR faction in ArmA 3. A limited strike was authorized 3 days later in retaliation. They are incorporated here due to their widespread popular usage by both South Vietnamese and American military personnel and civilians, and common usage in standard histories of the Vietnam War. North Vietnamese Army Viet Cong Song Book with Female Soldier Peace Dove $ 49.99; Vietnam War North Vietnamese Army Viet Minh Resistance Medal Award Document October 4, 1955 to Phan-van Hue $ 149.99; Vietnam War North Vietnamese Army NLF Ho … [6] Prepositioning was essential to PAVN tactics. Sir, In the early days ( say 61’ - 63’) of what I’ll call the “American War” and before the serious push of equipment down the HCM trail began ( say 64’ - 65’ ), the VC had a hodgepodge of weaponry. [27], US soldier with captured arms- Cambodia, 1970. We specialize in standing for Pneumatic & hydraulic Equipments, Safety and Explosion proof equipments and process control, quality, productivity, efficiency, cost, time, energy saving, environmental protection and innovation. [12], The Sihanouk Trail was the American name for the network of roads, waterways and paths cutting through Cambodia that supplied communist forces. Collectively, both forces were part of PAVN, People's Army of Vietnam, which made up all armed forces of North Vietnam. [5] Their weapons were principally of Chinese[6] or Soviet manufacture. [32] On the vital China to Hanoi corridor, most major bridges, roads and rail lines were back in operation within 5 weeks after the American bombing halt in 1968. Thesis (2004). October 12, 1972. The Rear Services grouping provided logistical support for military operations, such as digging bunkers or hauling supplies. Every few miles stockpiles of tools and material were positioned, both on the Ho Chi Minh Trail and on key transportation routes within North Vietnam. Thousands of porters provided slow but effective logistical support for VC/NVA operations. 31–157, Krepinevich, The Army and Vietnam, pp. PAVN units headed for the Tri-Thien region closest to the northern border might infiltrate directly across the DMZ. [11], Trail movement. The geographically dispersed nature of the war challenged existing military communications. [17] However with only 15 non-food tons a day needed for low-intensity operations in the South, PAVN could keep its war-fighters in business indefinitely by moving about 6,000 tons annually. 27–119, John H. Hay Jr., Vietnam Studies: Tactical and Materiel Innovations (Washington D.C., Department of the Army: 1989) pp. The American M16 rifle and XM177 carbine, which both replaced the M14, was lighter and considered more accurate than the AK-47 but was prone to malfunction. 1 of 14. [58] A post-war analysis by the BDM Corporation, a think-tank contractor in Vietnam, summarized the efficiency and effectiveness of VC/NVA logistics as follows: For more details on Vietnam war weapons of both sides, see. B. Lippincott Publishing: 1969), pp. The M67A1 flamethrower tank (nicknamed the Zippo) was an M48 variant used in Vietnam. PHIL M. HAUN, Lieutenant Colonel, USAF. VC fighters in some areas ironically treasured the American M16 rifle despite its sometimes quirky performance, for the wide availability of both the weapon and its ammunition on the black market or through purchase from corrupt ARVN soldiers, or through the careless handling and loss of magazines by US troops. Simple pontoon bridges were made of lashed together bundles of bamboo, topped by heavy wooden planking. Vietnam War is a FANDOM Lifestyle Community. Having plenty of both time and manpower, this "relay" method economized on wear and tear upon the valuable trucks, and maximized hiding opportunities from prowling US aircraft. The Australian and New Zealand forces employed the 7.62 mm L1A1 Self-Loading Rifle as their service rifle, with the occasional US M16. Known to the North Vietnamese as the Truong Son Strategic Supply Route, the Central Committee of the Lao Dong Party ordered construction of routes for infiltration as early as 1959, under the 559 Transport Group. Much has been learned about Viet Cong materiel, equipment, and techniques; however, continu ous effort must be made in training programs to thoroughly indoctrinate all personnel in defen sive measures against mines and boobytraps in Note use of bicycles which allowed up to 400 lb (Bad rounding hereScript error: No such module "Math". NVA soldiers were limited to old pathways, while trucks were increasingly routed along newer, improved stretches of road. The country continued to function for war despite the aerial onslaught. 300x250. [50], Recruits were generally given an optimistic picture of conditions in the south, with claims that victory was close at hand and that they would be welcomed as liberators by their oppressed southern brethren. From 1965 to 1968, North Vietnam was bombed on a scale heavier than the that of the entire Pacific theater during World War II, and absorbed about 20% of US bombing efforts in Southeast Asia. During the early stages of their insurgency, the Viet Cong mainly sustained itself with captured arms (often of American manufacture) or crude, self-made weapons (e.g. The bulk of VC/NVA foodstuffs was procured within South Vietnam via purchase, taxation on peasants in controlled areas, and personal farming by troops in remote areas. United States Senate. Ingenious VC/NVA tunnel complex, used for storage, shelter, withdrawal and defence. JSC “PROVIDING THE BEST SOLUTIONS OF INOVATIONS” TVPE is a joint stock operating company. 96–172, Lanning and Cragg, Inside the VC and the NVA, pp. Labor was recruited primarily by impressment/draft, or as a way to pay off VC taxes, although volunteers motivated by ideology also took part. tìm thấy 1 hồ sơ công ty | trang 1. Guide to Selected Viet Cong Equipment and Explosive Devices, Washington D.C.:Department of the Army, 1966 Boobytraps, FM 5-31, Department of the Army Field Manual, Washington D.C.:Department of the Army, 1965 Joined by assorted militia and self-defense forces, these quick-reaction units were often stationed along heavily bombed routes and deployed to repair bridges, roads, tracks, tunnels and other structures. However overall control was always in the hands of party cadres at all levels, from province down to village. GRADUAL FAILURE: THE AIR WAR OVER NORTH VIETNAM 1965–1966. cÔng ty tnhh neway fluid equipment viet nam Tên giao dịch: NEWAY FLUID EQUIPMENT VIET NAM COMPANY LIMITED Địa chỉ: Lô 12, đường N11, khu công nghiệp Đất Đỏ 1, Xã Phước Long Thọ, Huyện Đất đỏ, Bà Rịa - Vũng Tàu 1. In all, some 320,000 Chinese soldiers served in Vietnam during the war. 152–175, James F. Dunnigan, Albert A. Nofi. Experimental Soviet equipment started being used against ARVN forces at the same time, including Man-portable air-defense system SA-7 Grail and anti-tank missiles including the AT-3 Sagger. [22], F-4 Phantom II aircraft burns after being hit by a SAM missile. It controlled civilian labor recruitment, and military recruitment including drafting men into the VC, among other things. US Intelligence estimates of all Communist non-food requirements in the South averaged about 15 tons per day (or 1.5 to 3 ounces per man) in low intensity periods.[5]. Medical supplies used on the battlefield came from several sources, including Soviet bloc and Chinese shipments and humanitarian donations earmarked for civilian use from neutral countries, including Scandinavian nations. [53], PAVN troops also encountered US movement, auditory and chemical ("people sniffer") sensors on various parts of the Trail. km) buffer zone near the Chinese border- off-limits of US airstrikes. Such variation and diversity continued throughout the conflict. The gap was filled primarily by China and Russia. Simplified overview of communist logistics, including Soviet and Chinese aid, internal VC logistical organization inside the South, and the Ho Chi Minh Trail. Để chuẩn bị kinh nghiệm cần thiết trước khi đi làm là một điều cực kỳ quan trọng, bước đầu thuận lợi sẽ giúp bạn tự tin hơn, kéo theo đó là những thành công công việc trong tương lai. They were guarded by detachments of the 559th Transport Group. One Central Intelligence Agency study in 1966 found that the bulk of supplies needed were generated within South Vietnam. Defense secretary McNamara initially opposed striking the missile batteries because he feared killing Chinese or Soviet technicians working at the sites. Infiltration numbers increased yearly. Traffic was regulated by numerous civilian helpers, often young girls. Contrary to some popular impressions of simple peasant farmers armed with pitchfork and machetes, the VC/NVA main units (as well as the local forces in the latter years) were well equipped with excellent modern arms either from Soviet bloc or Chinese sources. Shotguns were used as an individual weapon during jungle patrol; infantry units were authorized a shotgun by TO&E (Table of Organization & Equipment). A courier might leave a message at a specific drop location for another courier (a stranger to him or her). 152–175, Clodfelter. The Vietnam War as a Vietnamese War: Agency and Society in the Study of the Second Indochina War. [43] These advantages translated into several tactics to ensure survival against US bombing. Guided by two men, the specially modified bikes could move 300–400 pounds, several times that of a single porter. In the early years of the insurgency in the South a larger variety of weapons were used, ranging from Wo… By 1968, the North had one of the densest air defenses in the world. North Vietnam had relatively little industrial base. Those headed further beyond might travel through Laos. China made significant contributions in medicines, hospital care, training facilities, foodstuffs, and infantry weapons. attached to the belt is a cadaver cut 2 cell khaki canvas stick grenade pouch. A daily march cycle might begin at 4:00am with a pause around noon, and continuation until dusk-6:00pm. [46] In the air defense effort around important targets, labor units often constructed up to 4 dummy positions for each real anti-aircraft concentration. 22–126. Casualties caused by American airstrikes were low, accounting for only 2% of total losses. [38] American bombers caused substantial damage to Northern road and rail infrastructure, including bridges, culverts, depots, ports and docks. As the war progressed, communist forces expanded and improved the Trail, moving material by truck, installing missile batteries for air defense and laying fuel pipelines. Designated personnel were tasked with dismantling them, or watchmen kept them under observation- signaling all within blast distance to disperse when the bombs showed signs of detonating. [49], NVA infiltration routes were keyed to the military regions the infiltrators were assigned to. Steep mountain slopes had steps gouged into them for climbing. The Binh Trams were responsible for numerous functions in the sector of the Trail it controlled- including subordinate camps and way-stations, the care and feeding of troops, road repair, anti-aircraft defenses, vehicle repair and maintenance, and medical care. Sturdier pontoon structures were made by tying wooden canal boats together – with camouflage measures to hide them during the day from aerial observation. 37–169, Stanley Karnow, Vietnam: A History, (Viking Press: 1983) pp. [29], Food. [20] In the early years of the insurgency in the South a larger variety of weapons were used, ranging from World War I-era bolt-action rifles to World War II-era weapons, with procurement via a wide range of methods. Công Ty TNHH Crown Equipment (Việt Nam) chuyên cung cấp xe nâng hàng các loại, phụ tụng xe nâng, bình ắc quy và dịch vụ cho thuê xe nâng, xe cẩu phục vụ ở khu vực miền Nam. In the summer and fall of 1967, all Viet Cong battalions were reequipped with arms of Soviet design such as the AK-47 assault rifle and the RPG-2 anti-tank weapon. km) in total. Some 500,000 workers were mobilized to repair bomb damage as needed, with an additional 100,000 constantly at work. Home-made pistols, such as copies of the M1911 or of the Mauser C96 (. Small, jungle workshops produced simpler types of ordnance such as reloaded rifle cartridges and grenades. [13], The United States had air superiority though many aircraft were lost to surface-to-air missiles and anti-aircraft artillery. Sub-sections of these operated at different levels, from Interzone to village. [10] By 1975 they had fully transformed from the strategy of mobile light-infantry and using the people's war concept used against the United States.[9]. [12] Two aircraft which were prominent in the war were the AC-130 "Spectre" Gunship and the UH-1 "Huey" gunship. US patrols encountered numerous B-52 bomb craters used as fish and duck ponds by Communist troops. Với đội ngũ chuyên gia và kỹ sư tốt nhất, chúng tôi chuyên xử lý nước thải công nghiệp, Khẳng định … Overall, the supplies and equipment of communist units were adequate, and their infantry small-arms were a match for those of their opponents. An American or ARVN sweep for example that wiped out several supply caches did not shut down the whole district. Large gangs of civilian laborers were drafted to keep the network functioning. For related articles on organization/structure and tactics see: Captured VC weaponry, including M1919 Browning machine guns, World War II-era German MG-34s, and mortars. Some of the exempted missile batteries were to later shoot down US aircraft. [1] Certain terms such as "NLF" and "VC" or "NVA" and PAVN" are used interchangeably, and they, along with others used herein such as "Chicom", "Liberation Army", "regime", etc. Pre-positioning of these groups allowed them to spring rapidly into action after an attack had passed.[40]. Trucks arriving at a station were unloaded, and the cargo shifted to new trucks, which carried out the next segment of the journey. Nearly all United States-allied forces were armed with U.S. weapons including the M1 Garand, M1 carbine, M14 and M16. Soviet aid outstripped that of China, averaging over half a billion dollars per year in the later stages of the war, with some $700 million in 1967 alone. For example, US F-4 aircraft destroyed power generators at the Lang Chi Hydroelectric Plant during Linebacker I, but left its dam 50 feet away untouched to minimize civilian collateral damage[35], The successful and severely damaging American Linebacker efforts however were not sustained. A large amount of small supply depots, widely dispersed to guard against attack, furnished units on the move. The Vietnam War was the first conflict that saw wide scale tactical deployment of helicopters. [11][12] With its 17-mile (27 km) range, the Soviet 130 mm M-46 towed field gun was a highly regarded weapon and used to good effect by the PAVN. It was countered by the long-range, American 175 mm M107 Self-Propelled Gun. Sentences for Viet Cong and Vietnam People's Army logistics and equipment This operation was designed to support Goodwood, as it was believed that the PAVN/VC infrastructure had moved into the villages along the highway after being forced out of the jungle during 1 ATFs operations there. This led to a myth of a self-cleaning gun. Population was also dispersed with massive movement of civilians out of major cities like Hanoi, into the countryside. Contrary to some popular impressions of simple peasant farmers armed with pitchfork and machetes, the VC/NVA main units (as well as the local forces in the latter years) were well equipped with excellent modern arms either from Soviet bloc or Chinese sources. During the early stages of their insurgency, the Viet Cong mainly sustained itself with captured arms (often of American manufacture)[1] or crude, self-made weapons (e.g. Some 170,000 girls were also mobilized into emergency youth troops, marching south to provide support on the Ho Chi Minh trail, equipped with shovels and supplies. 33 Đường 715 Tạ Quang Bửu, Phường 4, Quận 8 - ĐT: (08) 6263 0062 - Fax: (08) 6263 0092, Email: [email protected] A massive 1966 bombing mission by thirty B-52’s for example attempted to pulverize vital stretches of the strategic Mu Gia pass. As noted above, supplies, equipment and material was pre-stocked along roads, and near various choke points like ferry crossings so that repairs could be made quickly. Camouflage was used heavily. Way-stations were located deep in the forest, and contained caches of supplies for use by the infiltrators. [7] The period up to the conventional phase in the 1970, the Viet Cong and NVA were primarily limited to mortars, recoil-less rifles and small-arms and had significantly lighter equipment and firepower in comparison with the US arsenal, relying on ambushes alongside superior stealth, planning, marksmanship and small-unit tactics to face the disproportionate US technological advantage. Logs and bamboo were laid over the quickly dissolving mud and the Northern fighters moved on. It is estimated that a VC/NVA division in the south typically required only 3 tons of supplies per day. [53] Techniques used to fool US airpower included underwater bridging and placing gasoline-soaked rags along the trail to fool pilots into thinking they had hit or ignited something of value. Viet Nhat Industrial Equipment Co., Ltd. TSC: 37 Đường 16, Phường Bình Trưng Đông, Quận 2, TP.HCM, Việt Nam. The AC-130H "Spectre" was armed with two 20 mm M61 Vulcan cannons, one Bofors 40mm autocannon, and one 105 mm M102 howitzer. A STAFF STUDY BASED ON THE PENTAGON PAPERS. Weapons used by the PAVN also included Chinese Communist variants, which were referred to as CHICOM's by the US military. In the war's early years, US policymakers refused to hit some sites under construction for fear of Soviet or Chinese reactions. The Viet Cong relied mainly on donated Soviet and leftover French equipment, just as the militias of Afghanistan relied mainly on donated U.S. and leftover Soviet equipment. [16] The aircraft ordnance used during the war included precision-guided munition, cluster bombs, a thickening/gelling agent generally mixed with petroleum or a similar fuel for use in an incendiary device, initially against buildings and later primarily as an anti-personnel weapon that sticks to skin and can burn down to the bone. The hub of the North Vietnamese material distribution was Hanoi with its numerous railheads, bridges, major roads and its seaport. [6] The problem was not the total incoming quantity but moving material up the Ho Chi Minh trail and other transmission paths, to the point of battle operations. Since China bordered Vietnam, it was an immensely important conduit of material on land, although the Soviets also delivered some of its aid by sea. nva 139 - captured viet cong equipment belt and 2 cell stick grenade pouch. The whole network was segmented, so that one part did not know the other branches. LINEBACKER caused more damage to Northern lines of communication, than the previous 3 years of ROLLING THUNDER, particularly as the Easter Offensive brought communist forces out into the open. About 100,000 people were kept working on the Trail as porters, drivers, mechanics and anti-aircraft troops. Tonnages needed for communist forces were modest for the low-intensity protracted war style. These vehicles rolled on a "relay" basis, moving mostly at night to avoid American air power, and the trail was plentifully supplied by jungle-like camouflage at all times. The initial American ROLLING THUNDER campaign while inflicting painful local damage, did not halt the continual stream of man and material into the south. By the time of the aerial offensives (a few weeks each), most US forces (over 500,000 troops) were already out of the Vietnam theater. One method used to fight the effects of bombing was to separate the movement of men from the movement of material. Offshore naval fire played a pivotal role in the Battle of Huế in February 1968, providing accurate fire in support of the U.S. counter-offensive to retake the city.[14]. It snaked through parts of North Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia. Also in use, primarily by anti-communist forces, were the 24 types of armored vehicles and self-propelled artillery, and 26 types of field artillery and rocket launchers. JACOB VAN STAAVEREN. This began to change and by 1967, the Viet Cong and North Vietnamese Army were equipped with sets made in China. Over 1,800 aircraft (including 31 of the giant bombers) were downed in combat by North Vietnamese anti-aircraft defenses during the war. Civilians undertook various pledges as directed by the regime (the "three readies", the "three responsibilities" among others,) as part of a high mobilization of the population for total war in the North and areas controlled by the VC/NVA in the South. [18] Amounts ten times or more this size however, were entering the top of the logistical pipeline before trickling down into South Vietnam, Laos and adjoining border regions. PAVN sources claim that the 559th Transport group camouflaged some 2,000 miles (Bad rounding hereScript error: No such module "Math". We also put on events covering everything from WW2 to modern scenarios. Critics of the US effort charged that it was deliberately targeting civilians, but while several instances of collateral damage did occur, US policy and practice was concentrated on strategic military targets not the elimination of civilians. Exploitation and deception were also used in air defense operations. Prairie Fire Creator DLC. They stand for North Vietnamese Army, Viet Cong and Peoples Republic of China and should not be confused with the East German National Volks Armee or the PRC used for AN/PRC designations. Some 2,000 imported generators provided essential power, and oil and gas were shuttled ashore on small craft from Soviet ships and stored in thousands of small 55-gallon drums throughout the countryside, alongside roads and in rice paddies. From there they marched south and southwest, towards the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) or Laos, using a variety of routes. [10], Installations on the trail. The limits of air power: the American bombing of North Vietnam. [15] The need for massive amounts of construction hand-labor actually decreased on the Trail as heavy equipment like bulldozers and rock crushers were deployed, and both miles of road built and truck traffic expanded. Most arms were captured from poorly defended ARVN militia outposts. 34–159, Edward Doyle, Samuel Lipsman, Terrence Maitland- THE NORTH: The Vietnam Experience, (Boston Publishing Company, (1986), pp. Trans. Thousands of Chinese troops (the PLA's 1st and 2nd Divisions) made important contributions to Hanoi's war effort- building or repairing hundreds of miles of track and numerous other facilities such as bridges, tunnels, stations and marshaling yards. By 1973, gun batteries had been supplemented with Soviet-supplied SAMs on various parts of the Trail. The PAVN, although having inherited a variety of American, French, and Japanese weapons from World War II and the First Indochina War (aka French Indochina War), were largely armed and supplied by the People's Republic of China, the Soviet Union, and its Warsaw Pact allies. [13], Of the Sihanouk Trail and Cambodia, one American military history says:[14], By 1969 the Ho Chi Minh Trail was a sophisticated logistical web with paved roads, truck parks, maintenance and supply depots, and well organized and defended terminuses and bases, moving thousands of men per month into the battle zone. At their disposal ground forces had access to B-52 and F-4 Phantom II and others to launch napalm, white phosphorus, tear gas and chemical weapons as well. [16], Massive American efforts in the air failed to stop the men and material pushed forward by Hanoi. U.S. Government Printing Office, William Rosenau, Special Operations Forces and Elusive Enemy Ground Targets: Lessons from Vietnam and the Persian Gulf War, (Rand Corporation Monograph: 2000 ) pp. [37], Northern leader Ho Chi Minh chose to defy US airpower, arguing that though Hanoi, Haiphone or other cities were destroyed, the Vietnamese people would not be intimidated, and called for a massive war mobilization of reserves. By contrast a single US heavy combat division required about 5 times this amount. The PAVN and the Southern communist guerrillas, the Viet Cong (VC) as they were commonly referred to during the war, largely used standard Warsaw Pact weapons. 4, Issue 3, pps. At sea, the U.S. Navy had the run of the coastline, using aircraft carriers as platforms for offshore strikes and other naval vessels for offshore artillery support. Communist forces were principally armed with Chinese and Soviet weaponry though some VC guerrilla units were equipped with Western infantry weapons either captured from French stocks during the first Indochina war, such as the MAT-49, or from ARVN units or requisitioned through illicit purchase. Captured weapons were also widely used; almost every small arm used by SEATO may have seen limited enemy use. One 1972 analysis for the US Senate on bombing notes the tenacity and resilience of PAVN and its logistics system: Infiltrators on the move in Laos down the Ho Chi Minh Trail, NVA units deemed ready for infiltration were transported from the training centers by train or truck to the coast, at places like Dong Hoi, where they received additional rations. [26] By 1966, some 130 SAM batteries were in North Vietnam by US estimates, manned primarily by Russian crews. Older or rarer rifles where often modified by the Viet Cong early in the war: Home-made rifles, often spring-action rifles made to look like a M1 Garand or a M1 Carbine, were also used by the Viet Cong. Trailporters The Viet Cong and the People s Army of Vietnam (PAVN or North Vietnamese Army) used well organized logistics methods to supply and equip their fighting forces. Sound/seismic sensors were countered by destroying them, moving them to useless locations, removing their batteries, playing tape recordings of truck traffic, and running herds of cattle over them. 5–30, Victory in Vietnam: The Official History of the People's Army of Vietnam, 1954–1975. Chinese troops also built bunkers and other fortifications, and manned dozens of anti-aircraft batteries.
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